Dementia is a more general term for a decline in someone’s memory, reasoning, language, or other thinking skills that is severe enough to interfere with their daily life. It is not a single disease; instead, it describes a group of symptoms that can result from many different conditions. Clinicians often group dementia into categories based on its cause and whether symptoms may improve with treatment. Here’s information on the stages of dementia, along with care approaches for each:
What Is Reversible Dementia?
Reversible dementia refers to people with cognitive symptoms caused by a condition that may respond to treatment. In these cases, memory loss or confusion stems from an underlying issue rather than progressive damage to brain cells. Some people experience cognitive changes after heavy alcohol use or a subdural hematoma, but more common reasons people get diagnosed with this type include:
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Thyroid Disorders
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Certain Medications
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Depression
To treat the underlying condition, a physician may recommend vitamin supplementation, adjust thyroid medication, or change a prescription that affects cognition. Physicians sometimes manage normal pressure hydrocephalus with a surgically placed shunt, depending on an individual’s health factors. Symptoms of this stage often improve with treatment, but outcomes vary from person to person.
Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (deep TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain regions. Patients remain awake during sessions, which usually take place in an outpatient setting. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has cleared deep TMS for certain conditions, such as major depressive disorder, but its use for cognitive decline is still under study.
What Is Primary Dementia?
Primary dementia occurs when a disease directly damages the brain, and Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form. Other conditions in this primary stage include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. These conditions are generally progressive, meaning symptoms change over time.
Bredesen’s ReCODE protocol is one approach some practitioners use for people with early cognitive concerns. Dr. Dale Bredesen developed the protocol to address multiple factors that may contribute to cognitive decline, including inflammation, insulin resistance, nutrient levels, hormone balance, and toxin exposure. This protocol is primarily for individuals with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. It typically begins with extensive laboratory testing, and practitioners then develop a personalized plan to support someone’s cognitive condition.
What Is Secondary Dementia?
Secondary dementia develops because of another disease or injury. Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, HIV, and traumatic brain injury can all lead to cognitive decline. Because the original condition affects the brain over time, care often involves several specialists. The goal is to address physical and mental function within a single coordinated plan.
Brain pathway therapies aim to support the neural networks involved in:
- Memory
- Attention
- Processing
These therapies may combine cognitive exercises, sensory activities, and structured daily routines. Clinicians typically tailor activities to the brain functions that appear most affected. Total brain rehabilitation takes a broad view of cognitive health. This approach may bring together physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutrition guidance, and cognitive training.
Learn About Management Strategies
A neurologist can review your symptoms, order diagnostic tests, and help determine if you have any cognitive concerns. This specialist can also explain available management strategies and coordinate care with other providers. Each category of dementia requires a different evaluation for a detailed diagnosis and an individualized care plan. To find a neurologist near you, ask your primary care physician for a referral, or check your health insurance provider’s online directory for in-network specialists. Many clinics accept new patients for cognitive evaluations, and some offer telehealth appointments for initial consultations.
